An offshore structure is designed to a wave height with a return period — the 50-year Hs, the 100-year Hs — and that number comes out of a chain: block the record, fit a distribution to the block maxima, pick the distribution by a goodness-of-fit statistic, invert its tail. Reis, Guimarães, Farina, Paul, de Paula and Ribeiro (Ocean Engineering, 2026) ran that chain over a reanalysis grid with six families and four criteria and found that the Anderson–Darling statistic selects best, that the exponentiated Weibull wins at high frequency and the Weibull as blocks grow, and that the block size moves the answer. This page runs the same chain on 3 NDBC buoys with 175,320 hours each, and certifies every link: each fit is proved to be the unique maximum-likelihood point in a box, the statistic and the return levels are enclosures over that box, and the choice of family is DECIDED or REFUSED.
| family | parameters | candidate | box half-width | Krawczyk rounds / Newton steps | A² |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| exponential | lambda | 1.34773 | 8.324e-13 | 1 / 0 | 772.997391…772.997391 |
| normal | mu, sigma | 1.34773, 0.88865 | 2.772e-13 | 1 / 0 | 369.707577…370.060908 |
| lognormal | mu, sigma | 0.13797, 0.54729 | 1.646e-13 | 1 / 0 | 16.819369…16.819369 |
| Weibull | k, lambda | 1.68663, 1.52292 | 7.436e-13 | 1 / 4 | 176.766405…176.766407 |
| exp. Weibull | alpha, k, lambda | 104.75804, 0.42394, 0.02469 | 2.229e-7 | 1 / 2 | 1.138614…1.139171 |
Buoy A, daily maxima, 7,405 points. A fitted distribution is usually a number an optimiser stopped at; here it is a box the Krawczyk operator has proved to contain exactly one stationary point of the likelihood, with the score and its Jacobian evaluated over the whole box in interval arithmetic that rounds outward at every operation. The box is what every later number is computed over, so a return level or a statistic printed to four decimals is an enclosure whose width is stated, not a float's last digits. The exponentiated Weibull's box is the widest — three parameters, one of them a shape that trades against the other two — and it is still 2.229e-7. On the annual maxima its likelihood keeps rising as the shape α runs to infinity and the scale to zero (22 points cannot pin three parameters), so there is no maximum to certify and the ledger says REFUSED rather than printing the optimiser's last iterate.
| buoy · block | n | exponential | normal | lognormal | Weibull | exp. Weibull | verdict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A · hourly | 175,320 | 16,356 | 8,416 | 161 | 3,496 | 15.17 | DECIDED: exp. Weibull |
| A · daily maxima | 7,405 | 773 | 370 | 16.82 | 177 | 1.14 | DECIDED: exp. Weibull |
| A · monthly maxima | 250 | 35.78 | 4.54 | 0.69 | 2.51 | 0.72 | DECIDED: lognormal |
| A · annual maxima | 22 | 6.58 | 1.46 | 0.77 | 1.77 | REFUSED | DECIDED: lognormal |
| B · hourly | 175,320 | 19,998 | 4,334 | 77.86 | 1,822 | 90.07 | DECIDED: lognormal |
| B · daily maxima | 7,409 | 964 | 176 | 4.36 | 89.66 | 4.79 | DECIDED: lognormal |
| B · monthly maxima | 252 | 46.61 | 6.04 | 1.34 | 5.70 | 1.43 | DECIDED: lognormal |
| B · annual maxima | 22 | 4.72 | 0.86 | 0.54 | 0.78 | 0.57 | DECIDED: lognormal |
| C · hourly | 175,320 | 12,296 | 4,405 | 252 | 862 | 110 | DECIDED: exp. Weibull |
| C · daily maxima | 7,437 | 570 | 163 | 13.13 | 32.32 | 5.64 | DECIDED: exp. Weibull |
| C · monthly maxima | 256 | 42.35 | 1.93 | 2.50 | 2.04 | 1.07 | DECIDED: exp. Weibull |
| C · annual maxima | 23 | 6.00 | 1.88 | 1.08 | 1.84 | REFUSED | DECIDED: lognormal |
A² weights the tails, which is why the paper prefers it, and on hourly data it is enormous for any family that mis-shapes the tail: the exponential's 16,356 and the normal's 8,416 on buoy A are not close calls. The exponentiated Weibull's 15.2 is an order of magnitude below the lognormal's 161 on A, and it wins C by 110 to 252; on B the order reverses, lognormal 77.9 against 90.1 — so the paper's "best for high-frequency data" is decided for the exponentiated Weibull twice and against it once, and the daily maxima repeat the same split. As the blocks grow the picture changes, but never to the Weibull: on the monthly maxima the lognormal wins A and B and the exponentiated Weibull wins C; on the annual maxima the lognormal wins all three, with the Weibull second or third. Every one of the twelve choices is DECIDED — no two enclosures overlap — which is a statement about these data and these five families, not about the generalized gamma the paper also fits and this machine cannot yet certify (it needs the digamma function).
| buoy · block | exponential, 100-yr m | normal, 100-yr m | lognormal, 100-yr m | Weibull, 100-yr m | exp. Weibull, 100-yr m | largest hour, m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A · hourly | 12.88 | 3.98 | 12.17 | 5.26 | 15.20 ◆ | 11.7976 |
| A · daily maxima | 14.16 | 4.93 | 10.44 | 6.14 | 15.05 ◆ | 11.7976 |
| A · monthly maxima | 24.49 | 8.58 | 13.05 ◆ | 9.36 | 13.42 | 11.7976 |
| A · annual maxima | 29.90 | 10.22 | 10.38 ◆ | 10.68 | REFUSED | 11.7976 |
| B · hourly | 16.27 | 4.32 | 12.21 ◆ | 5.24 | 11.90 | 9.7975 |
| B · daily maxima | 15.74 | 4.68 | 9.41 ◆ | 5.45 | 10.24 | 9.7975 |
| B · monthly maxima | 22.11 | 7.28 | 9.86 ◆ | 7.90 | 10.15 | 9.7975 |
| B · annual maxima | 26.02 | 10.11 | 11.98 ◆ | 10.26 | 11.16 | 9.7975 |
| C · hourly | 14.97 | 4.47 | 19.16 | 5.99 | 11.57 ◆ | 11.2460 |
| C · daily maxima | 15.08 | 5.07 | 15.05 | 6.40 | 10.31 ◆ | 11.2460 |
| C · monthly maxima | 22.95 | 7.61 | 11.90 | 8.22 | 9.37 ◆ | 11.2460 |
| C · annual maxima | 26.31 | 9.92 | 10.29 ◆ | 10.36 | REFUSED | 11.2460 |
◆ marks the family Anderson–Darling prefers. The paper's third finding — that the temporal aggregation moves the return level — is here with a number under it: reading only the preferred family at each block size, the 100-year Hs at buoy A is 10.38 m from one block size and 15.20 m from another. The Weibull, fitted to the hourly series, puts the 100-year wave at 5.26 m on buoy A — 6.5 m below the largest hour already in the record — because its tail is too light for hourly Hs, which is exactly what its A² of 3,496 says. Each return level is the quantile at 1 − b/(T·8766) for a block of b hours, an interval extension over the certified box; the enclosures are 10⁻⁷ m wide or narrower and are printed at their upper end. The width is the arithmetic's; the sampling uncertainty of a 100-year level from twenty years is statistical and is not in it — a certified fit is a certified point estimate, and the page says so.
"The Exponentiated Weibull distribution performs best for high-frequency data." Decided for it on buoys A and C and against it on buoy B, where the lognormal's A² is the lower by a decided margin on both the hourly series and the daily maxima; two buoys of three, then, with no overlap of enclosures in any of the six choices. "The traditional Weibull becomes more appropriate as the block size increases." Not on these buoys: the Weibull is the decided best at none of the twelve buoy-and-block combinations, and on the annual maxima — the largest blocks — the lognormal is preferred three times out of three, with the Weibull's A² 2.3, 1.5, 1.7 times the lognormal's. The paper's statement is about its grid and its six families, one of which (the generalized gamma) is not fitted here; this page decides the same statement on three buoys with five families, and it is false there. "Both the choice of goodness-of-fit test and the temporal aggregation significantly influence the selected distribution and the resulting return-level estimates." The second half is decided above with the factor stated; the first half is not tested, since only Anderson–Darling is enclosed here. The corrigendum of 15 July 2026 corrects an affiliation and no number.
Nothing about the paper's grid is decided — its data are not held. What is certified is the arithmetic of the method on three public buoys: that each fit is the unique maximum-likelihood point in its box, that the statistic and the return levels are what the box implies, and that the family ranking follows from the enclosures. The certificate is of the point estimate given the data; the sampling width of a 100-year level from twenty years is a different, statistical quantity and is not enclosed here. Block maxima are the largest hourly literal in each calendar block; the hourly series is used whole as the paper's "high-frequency" case. Hours are treated as independent draws by every family, as they are in the paper. The buoys are the benchmark's A, B and C with their provided and retained years joined; the coastDat sets D–F (model output, not buoys) are not fitted. The exponentiated Weibull is refused on the annual maxima because no finite maximum exists, not because the optimiser failed. The data are NDBC's, pinned by the benchmark's commit and verified by digest at every run.